Neural stem cell engineering : directed differentiation of adult and embryonic stem cells into neurons Matthew

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Adult neural stem cells and neurogenesis 3.1. Hippocampal stem cells 3.2. Subventricular zone (SVZ) and olfactory bulb stem cells 3.3. Progenitors derived from non-neurogenic regions 3.4. Adult neural stem cell engraftment in vivo 3.4.1. Hippocampal derived neural stem cells 3.4.2. SVZ derived neural stem cells 3.4.3. Spinal cord progenitors 3.4.4. Cortical derived progenitors 3.4.5. Substantia nigra (SN) derived neural progenitors 3.5. Inducing neuronal differentiation with microenvironmental signals and genetic manipulation 3.5.1. Retinoic acid 3.5.2. Morphogens and growth factors 3.5.3. Neurotransmitters 3.5.4. Genetic manipulation 4 Adult and embryonic stem cells 5. Embryonic stem cells 5.1. Expanding and culturing embryonic stem cells 5.2. Embryoid body culture 5.3. Inducing neural specification using media supplements and co-culturing with stromal cells 5.3.1. Retinoic acid 5.3.2. Growth factors and morphogens in the induction of neural differentiation 5.3.3. Stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA) 5.4. Neuronal-subtype specification 5.4.1. Dopaminergic specification 5.4.2. Motor neuron specification 5.4.3. Other neuronal subtypes 5.5. Therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells in animal models 5.5.1. ES cell-derived dopaminergic cells 5.5.2. ES cell-derived motor neurons 5.5.3. ES cell-derived retinal progenitors 6 Conclusion 7. Acknowledgement 8. References